resultsfavor its own services to the detriment of rivals. It has also faced charges in Europe of requiring its partners to use its ad platform, and of using its dominant Android mobile system to favor Google apps.
For Facebook, Amazon and Apple, the cases are less clear, although each of them dominated important market segments.
European Union officials have begun looking into whether Amazon discriminates against third-party sellers on its platform.
Democratic presidential candidate Elizabeth Warren has argued that Apple should not be able to run its App Store with its own services that compete against rivals such as Spotify, which has filed an EU complaint.
But experts argue that US law, as widely interpreted in recent years, requires that any case showd harm to consumers, a higher standard than in Europe.


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